More than 400,000 Canadians, and over 67 million people worldwide have glaucoma. Experts estimate that half of them don’t even know they have it.

Glaucoma is a group of diseases that can damage the eye’s optic nerve and result in vision loss. It is also the second leading cause of blindness. Glaucoma occurs when the normal fluid pressure inside the eyes slowly rises and up to 40 percent of a person’s vision can be lost without them even noticing. However, with early treatment, your eyes can be protected against serious vision loss.

Why Do Some Canada Seniors Develop Glaucoma?

In the front of the eye is the anterior chamber. A clear fluid continuously flows in and out of the chamber, nourishing nearby tissues. The fluid leaves the chamber at the open angle where the cornea and iris meet. When the fluid reaches the angle, it flows through a spongy meshwork that acts like a drain, and leaves the eye. Sometimes, when the fluid reaches the angle, it passes too slowly through the meshwork drain. As the fluid builds up, the pressure inside the eye rises to a level that may damage the optic nerve and vision loss may result. That’s why controlling pressure inside the eye is important.

Not every person with increased eye pressure will develop glaucoma. Some people can tolerate higher eye pressure better than others. A comprehensive dilated eye exam can help your eye care professional determine what level of eye pressure is normal for you.

Most Common Types of Glaucoma in Seniors

Open-angle Glaucoma: The most common type of glaucoma, affecting nearly 3 million Americans, this form results in a slow, painless loss of peripheral vision. It happens when the eye’s drainage canals become clogged over time. Vision damaged this way is like looking through a paper towel tube. Most people have no symptoms and no early warning signs, and may not notice sight loss for many years. This type usually responds well to medication, especially if caught early and treated.

Low-Tension or Normal-Tension Glaucoma: Optic nerve damage and narrowed side vision can occur in people with normal eye pressure. Lowering eye pressure by at least 30 percent through medicines slows this form of disease in some, however, it may worsen in others despite low pressures. A comprehensive medical history is important in identifying potential risk factors, such as low blood pressure. If no risk factors are identified, the treatment options are the same as for open-angle glaucoma.

Angle-Closure Glaucoma: In this type of glaucoma, the fluid at the front of the eye cannot reach the angle and leave the eye, and the angle gets blocked by part of the iris. This results in a sudden increase in eye pressure. Symptoms include severe pain and nausea, redness of the eye, and blurred vision. If you have these symptoms, you need to seek medical emergency treatment immediately. Without treatment, the eye can become blind in as few as one or two days. Usually, prompt laser surgery and medicines can clear the blockage and protect sight.

There are also rare types of glaucoma that can affect seniors:

For example, pigmentary glaucoma occurs when pigment from the iris flakes off and blocks the meshwork, slowing fluid particularly threatening to vision over a lifetime. Trauma-related glaucoma can be caused by a serious blow to the eye, chemical burn, or a penetrating injury.

What Canada’s Seniors Can Do To Manage Glaucoma

Presently, there is no cure for glaucoma. However, medication or surgery can help slow or prevent further vision loss. The appropriate treatment depends upon the type of glaucoma a person has.

Over time, some drugs may stop working or have negative interactions with other prescriptions. Only a physician can appropriately monitor glaucoma and glaucoma medications. If you are being treated for glaucoma, be sure to take your glaucoma medicine every day.

Studies have shown that the early detection and treatment before there is major vision loss is the best way to control the disease. Make sure to have your eyes regularly examined through dilated pupils by an eye care professional. After the age of 40, get an exam every two to four years, and annually after the age of 55. Full annual exams are recommended for those over age 50 with a family history of glaucoma.

Comfort Keepers^® can help. We can help loved ones around the home with assistance in activities of daily living, household tasks, and by encouraging those we serve to eat well and take their medications. Contact your local Comfort Keepers office to discuss the many in-home care services we offer.

References:

• AgingCare.com. “Glaucoma Can Steal 40% of Vision Before the Person Notices” by Marlo Sollitto. Web.2016.
• A Place for Mom. “Glaucoma In Seniors: Symptoms & Care” by Jeannette Franks, PhD. Web. 2013.
• Glaucoma Research Foundation of Canada.“Glaucoma Facts and Stats.” Web. 2016.

30 – 40% of people age 65 and over take 5 or more medications on a regular basis. Of that group, about 10 percent of them take 10 or more drugs.

For some, taking medications is essential to maintaining health, and can’t be avoided. But evidence suggests – and experts agree – that millions of people are taking more medications than needed. The more drugs that are taken at the same time, the greater the risk of adverse interactions and potentially devastating side effects, due to the cumulative impact and the mixing of drugs.

Overmedication and taking multiple medications (technically called polypharmacy), are common and increasing to epidemic proportions among the senior population. Seniors are prone to more chronic conditions that require medication, but an aging body tolerates drugs differently and metabolizes drugs more slowly, making drug interaction a greater concern.

Contributing Factors to Senior Overmedication

The main reason polypharmacy has increased over the past decade is that there are more drugs available for chronic illnesses – from high blood pressure and cholesterol to osteoarthritis and osteoporosis. Improved diagnoses also enhance medication use. Marketing of drugs to consumers plays a role, as patients inquire about and demand the medicines they see advertised on TV and in magazines.

There also is a lack of coordination among insurers, doctors, and pharmacies. Patients may see multiple specialists who don’t coordinate with each other to discuss what drugs are being prescribed. It is then left to the patient to track it all, and some seniors are simply not prepared for that. Recent statistics show that on average, 1 out of every 4 patients have prescriptions from at least 4 different doctors.

In addition, it is often assumed that people need to take chronic disease medications for long periods, or the rest of their lives. Many who have marginally high cholesterol, high blood pressure and blood sugar can cut back on their medications if lifestyle changes bring their conditions under control – and there is too little emphasis on exploring those options. There’s also a fair amount of research suggesting that a sizable portion of people are taking antidepressants, anti-anxiety meds, and pain relievers when it is not necessary.

Potential Dangers of Senior Overmedication

While drugs do save lives, few prescription medications are completely free of risks or side effects. A 2012 report by Bruyere, a Canadian health services organization, listed several factors that put seniors at increased risk from polypharmacy:

• Physiologic changes (increased sensitivity to benzodiazepines, analgesics, or antihypertensives)
• Reduced kidney and liver function (making it harder to excrete drugs)
• Reduced body fat (this changes the distribution of drugs)
• Existing conditions (dementia, delirium, poor kidney function, poor balance and increased likelihood of falls)

Polypharmacy also has an effect on cognition and the mental capacity of seniors. Overmedicated seniors have been mistakenly diagnosed with depression, dementia, and even Alzheimer’s disease.

Recognize the Warning Signs of Senior Overmedication

Knowing symptoms to watch for can help you determine if your loved one may be overmedicated. Potential signs include: drowsiness; physical complications, like dry mouth and ulcers; confusion; withdrawal from family or friends; hallucinations; dizziness or falls; fractures; and seizures. If your loved one experiences these warning signs or any sudden changes in behavior, notify a doctor immediately.

How to Cut Down on Senior Prescriptions:

• If your loved one takes 4 or more medications (including vitamins, herbs, and OTC medicines) and has not had them reassessed by the primary care doctor within the past year, this should be done as soon as possible. Pill bottles should be taken to the doctor, so he or she has accurate information.
• Be proactive when discussing meds with the doctor. Your loved one should ask if he or she still needs to be taking each drug and why. Seniors can also ask if dosages can be lowered.
• Ask the doctor if lifestyle changes, such as modifying diet or exercising more, would enable your senior to cut back on any medications. See if alternative treatments like acupuncture, yoga, or meditation can help.
• Don’t just rely on the doctor to know details about drug-drug interactions. Do online research. Reliable websites such as The DIR (Drug Information Resources) https://www.dal.ca/diff/druginfo.html and medscape.com list potential interactions and provide explanations.
• If a new medicine is taken on top of 2 or more and there are new side effects, tell the doctor right away – especially if symptoms include stomach upset or queasiness, dizziness, sedation, or loss of balance.
• A new side effect or drug-drug interaction can develop with meds that have been taken for a while.  That’s because some drugs build up in the body, increasing their potency. Other drugs can lose their effectiveness over time, so a condition’s previously treated symptoms can resurface.
• Use only one pharmacy and pharmacist. Make sure the pharmacist knows what is being taken (including herbs prescribed elsewhere). Pharmacists are often better drug interaction specialists than doctors.

Comfort Keepers^® can help. As part of our quality in-home care, our caregivers can aid in monitoring the right type, timing, and dosage of medications to help keep loved ones safe and healthy. We also offer some technical products as solutions. Contact us today to discover all of the services we offer.

References:

• ParentGiving. “Overmedication in the Elderly.” Web. 2016.
• MedShadow. “Are Seniors Being Overmedicated?” by Steven Findlay. Web. 2015. Updated 2016.
• AARP. “The Pharmacist Who Says No to Drugs.” by Bill Hogan. Web. 2011.
• CareConversations. “Overmedication: Warning Signs to Watch For.” Web. 2016.

At least one in eight Canadians aged 65 and older suffered from urinary incontinence according to a Stats Can report.

Bladder incontinence is a highly prevalent disease that not only affects a senior’s health, but impacts their daily lives emotionally, socially, and economically. With a rapidly growing senior population, more people will experience incontinence – however, it is not an inevitable part of aging.

What happens: The body stores urine in the bladder, a hollow organ much like a balloon. During urination, muscles in the bladder tighten to move urine into a tube called the urethra, while the muscles around the urethra relax and let the urine pass out of the body. When the muscles in and around the bladder don’t work properly, urine can leak. Incontinence can occur for short periods of time due to urinary tract infections, constipation, or as a side effect of a medication.

Signs of Senior Bladder Incontinence

When leaking urine lasts longer for your senior loved one, it may be due to:

• Urge Incontinence: The most common diagnosis, this involves an urgent need to urinate resulting in the loss of urine before arriving at the toilet, caused by involuntary contractions of the bladder that can’t be stopped. Also called overactive bladder, it can be caused by strokes, dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s, or injuries. Conditions such as pelvic floor atrophy in women, prostate enlargement in men, or constipation in either sex can also lead to urge incontinence.
• Stress Incontinence: This occurs when an increase in abdominal pressure overcomes the closing pressure of the bladder. Abdominal pressure rises when you cough, sneeze, laugh, climb stairs, or lift objects. The bladder muscles of seniors may be so weak that leaking can occur just by getting up out of a chair. Stress incontinence is more common in women due to pregnancy and childbirth, and a lack of estrogen in postmenopausal women can also cause muscular atrophy that may lead to the condition. Men with enlarged prostates, have had prostate cancer treatments or surgery can also develop it.
• Overflow Incontinence: Rarely diagnosed, this occurs when one’s bladder never completely empties. Sufferers frequently feel the need to go and often leak small amounts of urine. This condition is often caused by an obstruction in the urinary tract system or by a bladder that either has very weak contractions or is unable to contract at all. Causes include an enlarged prostate or damage from prostate surgery, constipation, fecal impaction, and nerve damage from stokes or diabetes.
• Functional Incontinence: This incontinence is caused by disabilities. Arthritis could make unzipping one’s pants difficult, or a bad hip could make a trip to the facilities take longer than expected – and accidents might happen. Neurological disorders, stroke complications, Alzheimer’s disease, dementia or multiple sclerosis are other causes. Often, the mind cannot plan or carry out a bathroom trip.
• Mixed Incontinence: People can have more than one type of incontinence. Usually there is a combination of stress and urge incontinence, especially in women. People with severe dementia, Parkinson’s disease, neurological disorders, or who have had strokes can suffer from urge and functional incontinence.

Urinary incontinence diagnosis: Your loved one may feel embarrassed by accidents and the use of absorbent pads or protective underwear, which, in turn, could trigger a reluctance to visit the doctor. Or there could be some confusion about which specialist to see. But stress to your loved one that the best reason to see a doctor is that senior urinary incontinence is quite treatable. If your loved one feels comfortable with his or her primary care doctor, start there. Women can also find a urogynecologist, while men could visit a urologist; either can see a geriatrician, or a nurse practitioner who specializes in incontinence issues.

Helping Seniors with Bladder Incontinence 

What to expect: A urinalysis to rule out infection or blood in the urine; blood tests to check on kidney function, calcium and glucose levels; a thorough discussion of one’s medical history; and a complete physical exam, including a rectal exam and a pelvic exam for women, and a urological exam for men. The doctor may prescribe a medicine that calms muscles and nerves to treat an overactive bladder. If leakage is caused by weak muscles, the doctor or nurse can suggest exercises to strengthen the pelvic muscles. The doctor may fit a woman with a device worn in the vagina that helps lift the bladder. If other treatments fail, surgery may be suggested to improve bladder control.

What caregivers can do to help: Avoid giving drinks like caffeinated coffee, tea, and sodas that increase urination, but don’t limit water; keep pathways clear and the bathroom clutter-free with a light on at all times; make sure there are regular bathroom breaks; if there is a tendency to leak urine at certain times of the day, trips to the bathroom ahead of time can help; supply underwear that is easy to get on and off; and use absorbent underclothes for trips away from home.

Discussing it with your loved one: Find a time when you and your loved one can be alone together, and discuss the subject with sensitivity and clarity. This is a dignity issue. Help your loved one understand that dignity is very important to both of you.

Comfort Keepers^® can help. We offer a wide range of in-home care services ranging from personal care to companionship. Our services can include bathing, grooming, and hygiene; mobility assistance; toileting and incontinence care; dementia care; meal preparation; household tasks; and more. Call your local office today!

References:

• A Place for Mom. “Elderly Urinary Incontinence: Causes & Care.” Web. 2016.
• AgingCare.com. “Urinary and Bowel Incontinence for the Elderly and Aging.” Web. 2016.
• WebMD. “Over Half of Seniors Plagued by Incontinence: CDC.” Web. 2014.
• AgingCare.com. “How to Approach the Subject of Incontinence and Adult Diapers with an Elderly Parent.” Web. 2016.
• NIH National Institute on Aging. “Urinary Incontinence.” Web. 2016.

In a study, 60% of family caregivers, ages 19-64, reported “fair or poor” health and one or more chronic conditions or disabilities, compared with only 33% of non-caregivers.

Respite care is not self-indulgent. It’s a necessity. Caring for an older or ill family member can be hugely rewarding and bring you closer – but being consumed by it will drain you physically and emotionally, and eventually cause burnout.

That’s why it’s important for caregivers to seek occasional respite from their responsibilities, whether it’s for a few hours a week to run personal errands – or longer to take a much-needed vacation. Respite care offers you the chance to de-stress, restore your physical and mental energy, and keep your own life in balance.

The Many Benefits of Respite Care 

Respite care for loved ones provides short-term breaks for caregivers, for their own wellbeing, and the wellbeing of the person for whom they are providing care. After all, you want to be at your very best, both physically and mentally. There are many benefits to be had through respite care. They include having:

1. Leisure time for renewal – Take a walk, read a book, browse the internet, visit an art gallery or museum, listen to music – whatever brings you a sense of joy and calm.
2. A change of venue – Escaping routine caregiving can help you relax, bring you a new perspective on the situation, and gives you a chance to clear your head to come up with new solutions to problems or concerns.
3. Enjoyment and pleasure – As a caregiver, you must remember that you have the right to enjoy life. You also have no reason to feel guilty.
4. A renewed sense of self – You are an individual who also needs to live your life and keep a firm grip on your own identity.
5. Socialization – Don’t be isolated or feel alone. Take time to engage with friends, family, and co-workers by sharing meals, conversation, and experiences.

Once You Have Decided to Pursue Respite Care in Canada

• Involve your loved one. When planning for time off from your caregiving duties, make sure to keep your loved one informed. Involve him or her in deciding how much time you will be away, and who will fill in for you when you’re gone. Express how he or she will benefit from you being more relaxed and refreshed. Reinforce the idea that they will also benefit from socializing with other people.
• Acknowledge your role. A survey of family caregivers by the National Family Caregivers Association showed that family caregivers often refuse to accept that caregiving is a separate role from their role as a parent or spouse. The survey found that shifting this attitude and accepting that caregiving is a separate role had a profound impact on their situations.
• Assess your needs.Decide what care will be needed in your absence, and if there are specific caregiver skills needed to take care of your loved one.
• Stay organized.Use a calendar to organize and plan for assistance, and don’t forget to schedule time for yourself. Schedule in some respite time and indicate how you plan to use it.
• Create your own space. Once you’ve decided on having respite relief, find a place for yourself, whether it’s a porch, spare bedroom, or simply a corner of a room. You shouldn’t have to leave the house to get some alone time to enjoy hobbies, relax – and do the things you love most.
• Deal with your feelings. Bottling up your emotions takes a toll on your psyche and your health. Share feelings of frustration with friends and family. Seek support from others who are in a similar situation. Talk with a professional counselor, or join a caregiver support group.
• Remember to say “no” when it’s necessary. Accept the fact that you can’t do everything, and resist the urge to take on more than you can handle. If someone asks you to do something that you just can’t take on, be honest, explain why you can’t – and don’t feel badly about it.
• Stay positive. Do your best to not dwell on the negative. Hold a family meeting or call a senior care mediator to resolve conflicts with siblings and other relatives. Remember to be proud of all that you are doing, and focus on the rewards of caring for someone you love.

You Deserve a Break – Comfort Keepers^® Can Help. Taking care of a loved one can be an all-consuming job – but what will happen to him or her should you get physically ill or mentally exhausted from emotions and overwork? Comfort Keepers’ trained and carefully screened caregivers will provide care for your loved one, so you can fully enjoy your time away – without having to worry. We’ll perform household tasks, prepare meals, make sure your loved one is safe and taking medications, get him or her to appointments, and more. Call your local office today!

References:

• AARP. Caregiving Resource Center. “What Is Respite Care? A Break for the Caregiver.” Web. 2016.
• AgingCare.com. “The Importance of Respite Care”. Web. 2016.
• The Commonwealth Fund. “A Look at Working-Age Caregivers’ Roles, Health Concerns, and Need for Support” by Alice Ho, Sara R. Collins, Karen Davis, and Michelle M. Doty. Whitepaper. Web. 2016.

As of 2016, there are an estimated 564,000 Canadians living with dementia – plus about 25,000 new cases diagnosed every year.

Needing to have a talk about Alzheimer’s disease or memory loss with a parent can be a daunting task for many adult children. For seniors, the
idea of being diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease can trigger fear, anxiety, or even grief. It’s no wonder some adult children put the conversation off, once they see the initial signs in their loved one. What’s more, if the afflicted senior already has impaired judgment or memory loss from the disease, it may already be too late for a rational, cohesive conversation about it. In any case, it’s wise to approach the topic – and your loved one – with great sensitivity and care.

Taking Your Senior Loved One to See the Doctor

Symptoms related to the early signs of Alzheimer’s disease, such as memory loss, confusion, mood swings, changes in personality, difficulty completing certain tasks or finding the correct word could also be caused by a number of other medical or psychiatric problems. Mentioning that your loved one’s symptoms could be the result of another underlying issue may make him or her more willing to visit the doctor for a full examination and a proper diagnosis.

You may also want to consider offering to go to the doctor with your loved one as part of a morning or afternoon outing, such as going to lunch, shopping, or some other activity. An enjoyable event could take the sting out of having to visit the doctor for a firm diagnosis.

Once Alzheimer’s Has Been Diagnosed in Your Senior Loved One

How you approach your loved one to talk about an Alzheimer’s diagnosis can depend on your relationship with him or her. Are you close enough to have a frank conversation, and will the senior readily welcome your suggestions and help? Or does your loved one tend to keep things private, and could become embarrassed or self-conscious? Will he or she feel insulted? However you approach your parent, it is imperative for him or her to feel supported and encouraged during this difficult time.

Researchers have found that families who don’t discuss the disease with their loved one may witness increased fear and paranoia. Instead, it is better to be open about it, while reassuring your loved one that it is a fairly common brain illness. Tell him or her that there is nothing that could have been done to prevent it, but there are things that can help slow the disease and you will do your best to help. Also, allay any fear of abandonment. While it’s scary to think of losing memory and forgetting the family, it is even more frightening to think that the family will forget them. Ease your loved one’s anxiety by telling him or her that no matter what happens, you will get through it together.

Discussing the Diagnosis with Canada’s Seniors

Hearing about an Alzheimer’s diagnosis from one’s child can be hard to take, but chances are your loved one already knows that something is going on long before a doctor reaches a diagnosis – and he or she has the right to know what is happening. Here are some suggestions on how to discuss the disease:

• Informing your parent may enable him or her to participate in making important medical, legal, financial, long-term care, and end-of-life decisions. How involved he or she is will depend on the current state of the disease symptoms.
• He or she may not be able to totally understand the diagnosis, or may deny what you say. If so, accept this reaction for now, and avoid further detailed explanations of the disease until later.
• You may choose to disclose the diagnosis at a family meeting attended by your loved one, other family members, a trusted friend, or even a member of the clergy or a social worker. You also may want to invite a healthcare professional who works with those who are cognitively impaired.
• Write up some simple answers to a loved one’s questions, or encourage them to speak with his or her doctor about concerns.
• Reassure your loved one. Let them know that you will provide ongoing help and support, and do whatever is possible to improve their quality of life.
• Treat the person as an adult, and don’t downplay the disease. As the dementia progresses, remain open to the person’s need to talk about their illness and its implications – such as their ability to work, drive, and manage finances.
• Allow your loved one to express his or her feelings, which may include anger, frustration, and disappointment. Be aware of non-verbal signs of sadness, anger or anxiety, and respond with love and reassurance.
• Watch for signs of clinical depression, which could result from being told that Alzheimer’s is a terminal illness, and consult with a physician if needed.
• Find community support services. Support groups for those in the early stages of the disease can be helpful in expressing emotions and concerns.

Comfort Keepers^® can help. We have compassionate in-home caregivers who are specially trained to work with a family member who has been diagnosed with Alzheimer’s and other dementias. Call your local Comfort Keepers^® office to discover all the services we can provide for your loved one.

References:

• DementiaToday. “How to Have “The Talk” with Your Parents”. Web. 2015.
• Caring.com. “How can I get my mother to acknowledge that she has Alzheimer’s?” Web. 2016.
• Alzheimer’s Foundation of America. Health Guide. Web. 2012.
• Alzheimer’s Society of Canada. “Latest Information and Statistics”. Web. 2016.

10 to 15% of seniors suffer from depression in Canada. The percentage of women suffering from depression is almost double that of men.

Depression is a common problem among older adults, but it is NOT a normal part of aging. In fact, studies show that most seniors feel satisfied with their lives, despite having more illnesses or physical problems.

Depression is more than just feeling sad or blue. It is a common but serious mood disorder that needs real treatment. Never view it as a sign of a person’s weakness or a character flaw – or think you can just “turn it off”. It’s actually an illness with serious consequences.

Senior Grief vs. Senior Depression

Sometimes it can be difficult to distinguish grief from major depression. Grief after loss of a loved one is a normal reaction and generally does not require professional mental health treatment. Other major life changes that happen as we get older may also cause feelings of uneasiness, stress, and sadness. Moving from work into retirement, or dealing with a serious illness can leave people feeling down or anxious. After a period of adjustment, many older adults can regain their emotional balance, but others do not and may develop depression.

Depression Impacts Seniors Differently Than Younger People

Depression is associated with an increased risk of cardiac diseases and an increased risk of death from illness. At the same time, depression reduces a senior’s ability to rehabilitate. Studies of nursing home patients with physical illnesses have shown that the presence of depression substantially increases the likelihood of death from those illnesses. Depression also has been associated with increased risk of death following a heart attack. For that reason, it is important to make sure that a senior is evaluated and treated, even if the depression is mild.

While depression is more common in women, it more often increases the risk of suicide in older men. The suicide rate in people ages 80 to 84 is more than twice that of the general population. That’s why the National Institute of Mental Health considers depression in people age 65 and older to be a major public health problem.

Warning Signs of Senior Depression

If you suspect that your loved one is suffering from depression, pay attention to these health indicators:

Irritability: Sudden mood changes can suggest depression. If a normally cheerful senior now gets easily irritated, take note.

Loss of self-regard: Experts say that one of the most obvious signs of depression in seniors is seen when they show a lack of pride in their personal appearance. Perhaps your mother has stopped wearing makeup, or your father has stopped bathing.

Social withdrawal: Depressed seniors tend to shut out others and avoid social situations.

Increased pain: Depression often amplifies physical pain.

Recent illness or surgery: Seniors recovering from major illness or surgery are much more likely to develop a depressive episode, and some go on to have a depression disorder. In fact, research shows that 15 percent of people who are discharged from a hospital leave with depressive symptoms.

Recent loss: Older persons have a much higher risk than do younger people of falling into depression after the loss of a loved one. It’s actually quite common.

Insomnia: Studies have linked depression with the inability to sleep, and insomnia is a risk factor for depression onset and recurrence – particularly in seniors.

Treatment for Senior Depression is Available

Doctors are encouraged to routinely screen for depression. Using a series of standard questions, a primary care doctor can provide an effective screening for depression, allowing for better diagnosis and treatment. This can happen during a visit for a chronic illness or at a wellness visit.

There are several treatment options available for depression. They include medicine, psychotherapy or counseling, and electroconvulsive therapy or other newer forms of brain stimulation (such as repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)). Sometimes, a combination of these treatments may be used. Ask your loved one’s doctor more about these treatments.

Don’t Let Your Senior Loved One Suffer

While it’s natural to experience some grief in the face of major life changes, clinical depression doesn’t go away by itself, lasts for several months, and needs to be treated by a professional.  If you suspect your loved one is suffering from minor or major depressive symptoms, encourage him or her to seek help. It’s best to be a part of the solution – and because of the social stigma attached to this disorder, you’ll actually be doing your loved one a favor.

Comfort Keepers^® can help. Our Interactive Caregiving™ keeps senior clients engaged physically, mentally, and emotionally while living independently at home. Call your local office today to find out more about the many ways we can help your loved one, even during the toughest of times.

References:

• National Institutes of Health (NIH) Senior Health. “Depression”. Web. 2016.
• American Psychological Association. “Aging and Depression”. Web. 2016.
• A Place for Mom. “Elderly Depression: Symptoms & Care”. Web. 2015.
• WebMD. “Depression in the Elderly”. Web. 2016.
• Mood Disorders Association of Ontario. “Frequently Asked Questions – Seniors and Depression”.  Web 2016.

Be sure your home has fire and smoke alarms. More than 50% of home fire deaths occur between 10 p.m. and 6 a.m., when most people are sleeping.

According to the Canadian Safety Council, older adults face fire risk factors which do not affect the young. Weaker physical (and sometimes mental) capabilities make it harder to identify and respond to a fire, and create a higher risk that a fire will start.

There are special precautions that older adults, their caregivers, and all Canadians can take to protect yourself and your home from fire. First, look at these statistics:

In 2013, older adults:

• Suffered 36 percent of all fire deaths
• Had a 2.5 times greater risk of dying in a fire than the total population
• Ages 85 and over were 3.6 times more likely to die in a fire than the total population

Senior Fire Safety: Escape Planning

Your risk of dying in a home fire increases as you get older. Knowing what to do if there is a fire can make a huge difference. For example, know two ways out of every room, and practice using both ways. Remove any items that may block your way out of the room or your home, and discuss your fire escape plan with family and neighbors. Contact your building manager or fire department to discuss your plan if you need extra help escaping, and practice your home fire escape drill twice a year. Also, be sure to keep lamp and light switches, eyeglasses, keys, hearing aids, and a phone within reach next to your bed, so you can grab and go. Practice unlocking and opening the windows, security gates, and doors. Keep stairways and exits clear of clutter and storage, and don’t store anything on fire escapes.

Senior Fire Safety: Install and Maintain Smoke Alarms

The chance of surviving a home fire almost doubles with the initial warning from a smoke alarm. Install smoke alarms on each level of your home and inside and outside of sleeping areas. Test them monthly and replace alkaline batteries at least once a year. Caregivers are encouraged to check the smoke alarms of those who are unable to do it themselves.

Senior Fire Safety: Heater Safety

Keep heaters at least 3 feet away from things that can burn. Heaters can cause fires if they are too close to furniture, beds, curtains, or other materials that can be ignited. Always turn space heaters off before you leave the home.

Senior Fire Safety: Preventing Electrical Fires

Use light bulbs with the appropriate wattage for the size of the light fixture, as a bulb with too many watts may lead to over-heating and fire. Give TVs, stereos, and computers plenty of clearance to prevent over-heating. To prevent overloading, never plug more than two appliances into an outlet at once or “piggyback” extra appliances on extension cords or wall outlets. Never use an appliance with a damaged or frayed electrical cord, protect all cords from damage, and don’t run cords under carpets or rugs or hang them from nails. Use extension cords for temporary use only. Replace unsafe electrical appliances, such as coffee makers and toaster ovens, and when purchasing an electrical appliance, be sure it has the Underwriters Laboratories (UL) Mark, which shows that the product has been safety tested.

Warning signs: Check that outlet and switch plates are in good condition. If the outlet or plate is hot to the touch, immediately unplug the cord and have a qualified electrician check your wiring. If an appliance develops a different smell, makes unusual sounds, or the cord feels warm to the touch, pull the plug and discontinue use. If the appliance continues to burn or smoke, call the Fire Department (911).

Senior Fire Dangers: Cooking Fires

Never leave cooking food unattended. Heat cooking oils gradually and use extra caution when deep-frying. Long, loose sleeves are more likely to catch fire, so always wear short or tight-fitting sleeves. Turn pot handles inward toward back of stove to prevent accidental bumping of pan and causing a scald injury. Use oven mitts to protect hands and arms from burns. Cook at low to medium temperature settings.

Senior Safety in Case of Fire

Should a stove fire occur:  Turn off the stove, use baking soda to extinguish the flame, and carefully slide the pan lid onto the pan. Remember: water will cause splashing and spread the fire. Do not attempt to pick up the pot or pan and carry it away from the stove.

If there is a fire in your home or apartment: Do not try to fight the fire yourself or stop to gather personal belongings. Get out by using your fire escape plan, and going to the closest or safest exit. If smoke is present, stay as low to the floor as possible and cover your mouth. Be sure to close the door on your way out, and use stairways to exit the building. DO NOT USE THE ELEVATOR. If you find yourself trapped, close all the doors between you and the fire, call 911, and tell the dispatcher where you are located.

If any part of you or your clothing catches fire: Cover your face with your hands, drop to the ground, and roll over and over. If physical limitations prevent you from taking these steps, try to smother the flames with a fire-resistant wool blanket or rug. Do not try to put out the fire with your hands.

Treating burns: Burns can be caused by direct contact with an open flame, hot liquids and grease, or from a hot surface. Treat with cool running water. Cover the burn with a sterile pad or clean sheet. Seek immediate medical attention to prevent burn inflammation and infections. Many burns may be deeper than they appear and require immediate medical attention. Remove clothing from affected area, but do not attempt to remove clothing that sticks.

Comfort Keepers^® can help. In addition to quality in-home care, we can help with home safety assessments. We also offer several safety devices, specially designed with seniors in mind. Call your local Comfort Keepers office for more ways we can serve you or your loved one today!

Reference:

• Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA).U.S. Fire Safety Administration. Web 2013.
• Canadian Safety Council. “Home Fire Safety for Seniors – What Family Members Can Do.”  Canadian Safety Council.  Web, 2016.

Nearly 70 percent of adults over age 60 are overweight or obese, putting them at higher risk of diabetes and other diseases, according to a new study in the Journal of the American Medical Association.

Both the characteristics of obesity and the way it affects seniors can be different when compared to how obesity impacts younger adults. This is very important to know, as it may determine if and how obesity should be analyzed and treated in seniors.

Senior Obesity Risks

It’s commonly known and scientifically proven that obesity can contribute to many diseases. In fact, the majority of organs and body systems are negatively affected by obesity. Most commonly, obesity may help bring on hypertension, high cholesterol, heart disease, and certain cancers. The increase in people with type 2 diabetes is of particular concern, as diabetes is a well-known risk factor in heart disease, kidney disease, stroke, and other serious medical conditions. Physical disability and mobility can also be a major problem due to the effect of weight on joints.

There are mental complications as well. Obesity affects cognition, which includes the way we process information, memory, comprehension, problem solving, and decisions. These functions are known to deteriorate with age, and studies show that they deteriorate more rapidly in the population affected by obesity. Since proper cognition help seniors to live fuller and more independent lives, this effect of obesity is more relevant than ever as we age.

Obesity has also been clearly linked to a lesser overall quality of life, which is of particular concern to the aging adult. Seniors can already be plagued by multiple conditions that decrease their quality of life, and obesity only adds another burden.

Review Senior Medications that Can Cause Weight Gain

Seniors should watch for weight gain, and review the drugs they are taking with their doctors. Those commonly known to cause weight gain include the following:

• Antiepileptics (antiseizure drugs)
• Antipsychotics
• Antidepressants
• Antihyperglycemic drugs
• Beta-blockers
• Steroids

If medically appropriate, a weight-neutral drug should be substituted for one suspected of causing weight gain. The doctor or specialist who prescribed the original drug should be notified or consulted about any change.

Screening for Overweight and Obesity in Seniors

When we grow older, we tend to lose our muscle mass and it gets replaced with fat. Our BMI (Body Mass Index) may not change, but in reality, our fat-stores increase, as does the chance of being affected by obesity and its related diseases. BMI can also be inaccurate in seniors for another common reason. As we grow old, we often get shorter. This is due to osteoporosis and spinal vertebral issues that take away inches in older age. Since BMI is a measure calculated from height and weight, a change in height will change BMI as well. In fact, if a senior weighs the same, and his or her height is now less, then the BMI will be falsely higher. This could classify the senior as “overweight”, while in reality, that is not the case. Scientists and physicians still debate about a better measure for weight classification, but for now, BMI is the accepted one and physicians need to use it, while understanding its limitations. 

Planned Weight Loss for Seniors

Some studies show that even a weight loss of 3 percent in older adults may significantly improve inflammation, blood pressure, cholesterol and blood sugar. However, the senior’s doctor should be consulted before beginning any weight loss program. Here are some typical suggestions for planned weight loss:

• Exercise and strength training can optimize overall health and quality of life. Lower impact activities such as walking, swimming, and bicycling are generally safe for many older adults, even those who have chronic conditions such as heart disease or high blood pressure. But the key is to start slowly. Warming up and cooling down by walking and stretching before and after each session is important to minimize any soreness or potential injury.
• Following a sensible diet can help prevent excess weight gain. But it’s also important to note that older adults occasionally have naturally occurring loss of taste or difficulty chewing that can make adhering to certain dietary recommendations challenging.
• Drug therapy or bariatric surgery may be suggested for older obese patients. However, all benefits and risks should be taken into consideration before opting for surgery. Surprisingly enough, the outcomes, complications, and mortality rates associated with bariatric surgery have been shown to be acceptable for adults age 65 and older.

Comfort Keepers^® can help. Our caregivers can help plan and prepare healthy meals for loved ones. They will also take note of the senior’s overall health, and help them follow dietary guidelines and prescribed exercise regimens. Call your local office today to discover all of our available services.

References:

• Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine. “Obesity in the Elderly: More Complicated Than You Think.” Web 2014.
• Obesity Action Coalition (OAC). “Obesity in the Elderly” by Nadia B. Pietrzykowska, MD, FACP. Web. 2016.
• Today’s Dietician. “Older Adults and Obesity – Is Dieting the Answer?” by Lindsey Getz. August 2013 issue.

A total of about 4 million (1 in 8) Canadians are affected by a food-borne illness. Of these, there are about: 11,600 hospitalizations and 238 deaths.

When certain disease-causing bacteria, viruses, or parasites contaminate food, they can cause foodborne illness ─ also known as food poisoning. In the U.S., salmonella, norovirus, campylobacter, E.coli, listeria, and clostridium perfringens are the most common foodborne illnesses. 

The Risk of Foodborne Illness to Canada’s Seniors

As seniors age, it is normal for their bodies body to not work as well as when they were younger. Organs and body systems change, and are less able to combat bacteria. That is why seniors who contract a foodborne illness are more likely to have a lengthier illness, undergo hospitalization, or even lose their lives. Here are some key factors that could make older adults more susceptible to contracting a foodborne illness in the first place:

• There may be a decrease in stomach acid secretion, which is a natural defense against ingested bacteria.
• The stomach and intestinal tract may hold on to foods for a longer period of time.
• The liver and kidneys may not rid the body of toxins as readily.
• The sense of taste or smell can be affected by medication or illness, and may not always alert the senior when food is spoiled.
• The side effects of some medications for chronic illnesses ─ such as diabetes, arthritis, cancer, or cardiovascular disease ─ or the chronic disease itself may weaken the immune system.

What are the Signs of Foodborne Illness in Seniors?

The signs and symptoms of food poisoning range from upset stomach, diarrhea, fever, vomiting, abdominal cramps, and dehydration, to more severe illness or even death. Anyone experiencing symptoms of a foodborne illness should call a doctor immediately.

How Seniors Can Avoid Contracting a Foodborne Illness at Home

Older adults must be vigilant when handling, preparing, and consuming foods, and there are ways to significantly reduce the risk of foodborne illness, especially in the home.

• Wash hands, utensils and food surfaces often.Wash hands with warm, soapy water before and after handling or preparing food. Use hot, soapy water to wash utensils, cutting boards, and other surfaces that are used.
• Keep raw foods separate from ready-to-eat foods. Keep raw meat, poultry, fish and shellfish away from other foods when shopping, preparing or storing foods to prevent cross-contamination.
• Cook foods at a safe temperature. Most harmful organisms are killed this way. Use a food thermometer, plus a food-specific temperature guide, often found in large cookbooks or online.
• Refrigerate or freeze perishable foods immediately. Do so within two hours of purchasing or preparation. Refrigerate foods within one hour if the room temperature is above 90 degrees F.
• Defrost food safely. Don’t thaw food at room temperature; defrost it in the refrigerator. If you microwave frozen food using the “defrost” or “50 percent power” setting, cook it immediately.
• If in doubt, throw it out.If you aren’t sure if a food has been prepared, served, or stored safely, discard it. Food left at room temperature too long may contain bacteria or toxins that can’t be destroyed by cooking. Even if it looks and smells fine, the food may not be safe to eat ─ so don’t taste it.

Foods that Seniors Should Avoid

Food poisoning is especially serious and potentially life-threatening for older adults and people with weakened immune systems. They should take extra precautions by avoiding the following foods:

• Raw or rare meat and poultry
• Raw or undercooked fish or shellfish, including oysters, clams, mussels and scallops
• Raw or undercooked eggs or foods that contain them, such as cookie dough and homemade ice cream
• Raw sprouts, such as alfalfa, bean, clover and radish sprouts
• Unpasteurized juices and ciders
• Unpasteurized milk and milk products
• Soft cheeses, such as feta, Brie, Camembert, blue-veined cheese, and unpasteurized cheese
• Refrigerated pates and meat spreads
• Uncooked hot dogs, luncheon meats, and deli meats

Comfort Keepers^® can help. Our caregivers help seniors and others to properly prepare foods for healthy meals – and even help with food shopping. Caregivers will also help with tasks around the home, provide companionship, and help keep seniors safe. Call your local office today.

References:

• Mayo Clinic. Diseases and Conditions: Food Poisoning. Web 2014.
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services at Foodsafety.gov. Bacteria and Viruses. Web 2016.
• U.S. Department of Agriculture. Food Safety and Inspection Service. “Older Adults and Food Safety”. Web. 2011.
• U.S. Food and Drug Administration. “Food Safety for Older Adults”. Web. 2016.
• Government of Canada.  “Yearly food-borne illness estimates for Canada.”  Web 2016.

Among Canadians aged 6 to 79, 39% had an unhealthy level of total cholesterol.

Because there are seldom signs or symptoms of high blood cholesterol, many individuals are not aware that their cholesterol level may be too high. That’s why, starting as early as age 20, everyone should have cholesterol levels checked at least once every 5 years. People at risk or over 65 should discuss with their doctors how often they should be tested.

The Two Types of Senior High Cholesterol and their Differences

Low-density lipoproteins (LDL) carry cholesterol to all the cells in your body, including the arteries that supply blood to your heart. LDL cholesterol is sometimes called “bad” cholesterol because it can build up in the walls of your arteries. The higher the level of LDL cholesterol in your blood, the greater your chances of getting heart disease.

High-density lipoproteins (HDL) carry cholesterol away from the cells in your body. HDL cholesterol is sometimes called “good” cholesterol because it helps remove cholesterol from your artery walls, then the liver removes the cholesterol from your body. The higher your HDL cholesterol level, the lower your chances of getting heart disease. When doctors talk about concerns over cholesterol, they are usually referring to LDL cholesterol.

The Dangers of High LDL Cholesterol for Canada’s Seniors

Cholesterol can build up on the walls of your arteries, the blood vessels that carry blood from the heart to other parts of the body. This buildup of cholesterol is called plaque, and can pose these health dangers:

• This is also referred to as hardening of the arteries. Over time, the plaque can build up enough to narrow your arteries, and can slow down or block the flow of blood to your heart.
• Coronary Heart Disease (CHD). Artherosclerosis can occur in blood vessels anywhere in your body, including the ones that bring blood to your heart, called the coronary arteries. If plaque builds up in
  these arteries, the blood may not be able to bring enough oxygen to the heart muscle.
• The buildup of plaque can lead to chest pain called angina, a common symptom of CHD. It happens when the heart does not receive enough oxygen-rich blood from the lungs.
• Heart Attack.Some plaques have a thin covering, so they may rupture or break open. A blood clot can then form over the plaque. A clot can block the flow of blood through the artery, and cause a heart attack.

Factors you cannot control: High blood cholesterol can run in families. An inherited genetic condition (familial hypercholesterolemia) results in very high LDL cholesterol levels. It begins at birth, and can cause a heart attack at an early age. Other factors you can’t control are related to age and sex. Starting at puberty, men have lower levels of HDL than women. As women and men get older, LDL cholesterol levels rise. Younger women have lower LDL cholesterol levels than men, but after age 55, women have higher levels than men.

Lowering Senior Cholesterol Can Affect Plaque

Lowering your cholesterol level reduces your chances of plaque rupturing and causing a heart attack. It may also slow down, reduce, or even stop plaque from building up ─ and reduces your chances of dying from heart disease. Certain foods have types of fat that raise your cholesterol level.

What Canada’s seniors should avoid to prevent high cholesterol:

• Saturated fat raises your low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol level more than anything else in your diet. Choose leaner cuts of meat, low-fat dairy and monounsaturated fats, as found in olive and canola oils, as healthier options.
• Trans fatty acids (trans fats) are made when vegetable oil is hydrogenated to harden it. Trans fatty acids also raise cholesterol levels. Trans fats are in fried foods and many commercial products, such as cookies, crackers, and snack cakes. Even small amounts of trans fat can add up, if you eat foods that contain small amounts of it. Read the ingredient list on labels, and avoid foods with partially hydrogenated oils.
• Cholesterol is found in foods that come from animal sources, such as egg yolks, meat, and cheese.

What you can do to prevent senior high cholesterol:

• Eat foods rich in omega-3 fatty acids.Omega-3 fatty acids don’t affect LDL cholesterol. They have other heart benefits, such as helping to increase high-density lipoprotein (HDL, or “good”) cholesterol, reducing your triglycerides, a type of fat in your blood, and reducing blood pressure. Some types of fish, such as salmon, mackerel and herring, are rich in omega-3 fatty acids. Other good sources of omega-3 fatty acids include walnuts, almonds, and ground flaxseeds.
• Increase soluble fiber.There are two types of fiber: soluble and insoluble. Both have heart-health benefits, but soluble fiber also helps lower your LDL levels. Add soluble fiber to your diet by eating oats and oat bran, fruits, beans, lentils, and vegetables.
• Add whey protein.Whey protein is one of two proteins in dairy products. The other is casein. Whey protein may account for many of the health benefits attributed to dairy. Whey protein given as a supplement lowers both LDL and total cholesterol.

Other preventions include watching your weight ─ because being overweight tends to increase your LDL level, lower your high-density lipoprotein (HDL) level, and increase your total cholesterol level. It’s also good to be active. Regular exercise can help you lose weight and lower your LDL level while helping to raise your HDL level.

Comfort Keepers^® can help. Our caregivers can help plan and prepare healthy meals for loved ones, and encourage them to stay active. They will also help them make healthier lifestyle choices, see that they take their medications, and help out with daily tasks around the home. Call your local office today to discuss all of our available services.

References:

• AgingCare.com. “High Cholesterol in the Elderly”. Web. 2016.
• WebMD. “Are High Cholesterol Levels Bad for Older People? Web. 2016.
• NIH Senior Health. “What is High Blood Cholesterol?” Web. 2016.
• Centers for Disease Control (CDC). “Cholesterol Facts”. Web. 2015.
• Statistics Canada.  “Cholesterol levels of Canadians”, 2009 to 2011.  Web 2013.